Solutions - Chapter 10

Open a blank file in your text editor and write a few lines summarizing what you've learned about Python so far. Start each line with the phrase In Python you can. Save the file as learning_python.txt in the same directory as your exercises from this chapter. Write a program that reads the file and prints what you wrote two times: print the contents once by reading in the entire file, and once by storing the lines in a list and then looping over each line.

 In Python you can store as much information as you want. In Python you can connect pieces of information. In Python you can model real-world situations. 

 from pathlib import Path print("--- Reading in the entire file:") path = Path('learning_python.txt') contents = path.read_text() print(contents) print("\n--- Looping over the lines:") lines = contents.splitlines() for line in lines: print(line) 

 --- Reading in the entire file: In Python you can store as much information as you want. In Python you can connect pieces of information. In Python you can model real-world situations. --- Looping over the lines: In Python you can store as much information as you want. In Python you can connect pieces of information. In Python you can model real-world situations. 

10-2: Learning C

You can use the replace() method to replace any word in a string with a different word. Here's a quick example showing how to replace 'dog' with 'cat' in a sentence:

 >>> message = "I really like dogs." >>> message.replace('dog', 'cat') 'I really like cats.' 

Read in each line from the file you just created, learning_python.txt, and replace the word Python with the name of another language, such as C. Print each modified line to the screen.

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('learning_python.txt') contents = path.read_text() lines = contents.splitlines() for line in lines: line = line.replace('Python', 'C') print(line) 

 In C you can store as much information as you want. In C you can connect pieces of information. In C you can model real-world situations. 

10-3: Simpler Code

The program file_reader.py in this section uses a temporary variable, lines , to show how splitlines() works. You can skip the temporary variable and loop directly over the list that splitlines() returns:

 for line in contents.splitlines(): 

Remove the temporary variable from each of the programs in this section, to make them more concise.

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('pi_digits.txt') contents = path.read_text() for line in contents.splitlines(): print(line) 

 3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279 

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('pi_million_digits.txt') contents = path.read_text() pi_string = '' for line in contents.splitlines(): pi_string += line.lstrip() print(f"pi_string[:52]>. ") print(len(pi_string)) 

 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510. 1000002 

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('pi_million_digits.txt') contents = path.read_text() pi_string = '' for line in contents.splitlines(): pi_string += line.lstrip() birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: ") if birthday in pi_string: print("Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!") else: print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.") 

 Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: 040122 Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi! 

10-4: Guest

Write a program that prompts the user for their name. When they respond, write their name to a file called guest.txt.

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('guest.txt') name = input("What's your name? ") path.write_text(name) 

 What's your name? eric 

 eric 

10-5: Guest Book

Write a while loop that prompts users for their name. Collect all the names that are entered, and then write these names to a file called guest_book.txt. Make sure each entry appears on a new line in the file.

 from pathlib import Path path = Path('guest_book.txt') prompt = "\nHi, what's your name? " prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' if you're the last guest. " guest_names = [] while True: name = input(prompt) if name == 'quit': break print(f"Thanks name>, we'll add you to the guest book.") guest_names.append(name) # Build a string where "\n" is added after each name. file_string = '' for name in guest_names: file_string += f"name>\n" path.write_text(file_string) 

 Hi, what's your name? Enter 'quit' if you're the last guest. eric Thanks eric, we'll add you to the guest book. Hi, what's your name? Enter 'quit' if you're the last guest. erin Thanks erin, we'll add you to the guest book. Hi, what's your name? Enter 'quit' if you're the last guest. ever Thanks ever, we'll add you to the guest book. Hi, what's your name? Enter 'quit' if you're the last guest. willie Thanks willie, we'll add you to the guest book. Hi, what's your name? Enter 'quit' if you're the last guest. quit 

 eric erin ever willie 

10-6: Addition

One common problem when prompting for numerical input occurs when people provide text instead of numbers. When you try to convert the input to an int , you'll get a ValueError . Write a program that prompts for two numbers. Add them together and print the result. Catch the ValueError if either input value is not a number, and print a friendly error message. Test your program by entering two numbers and then by entering some text instead of a number.

 try: x = input("Give me a number: ") x = int(x) y = input("Give me another number: ") y = int(y) except ValueError: print("Sorry, I really needed a number.") else: sum = x + y print(f"The sum of x> and y> is sum>.") 

 Give me a number: 23 Give me another number: 47 The sum of 23 and 47 is 70. 

 Give me a number: 23 Give me another number: fred Sorry, I really needed a number. 

10-7: Addition Calculator

Wrap your code from Exercise 10-6 in a while loop so the user can continue entering numbers even if they make a mistake and enter text instead of a number.

 print("Enter 'q' at any time to quit.\n") while True: try: x = input("\nGive me a number: ") if x == 'q': break x = int(x) y = input("Give me another number: ") if y == 'q': break y = int(y) except ValueError: print("Sorry, I really needed a number.") else: sum = x + y print(f"The sum of x> and y> is sum>.") 

 Enter 'q' at any time to quit. Give me a number: 23 Give me another number: 47 The sum of 23 and 47 is 70. Give me a number: three Sorry, I really needed a number. Give me a number: 3 Give me another number: five Sorry, I really needed a number. Give me a number: -12 Give me another number: 20 The sum of -12 and 20 is 8. Give me a number: q 

10-8: Cats and Dogs

Make two files, cats.txt and dogs.txt . Store at least three names of cats in the first file and three names of dogs in the second file. Write a program that tries to read these files and print the contents of the file to the screen. Wrap your code in a try-except block to catch the FileNotFound error, and print a friendly message if a file is missing. Move one of the files to a different location on your system, and make sure the code in the except block executes properly.

 henry clarence mildred 

 willie annahootz summit 

 from pathlib import Path filenames = ['cats.txt', 'dogs.txt'] for filename in filenames: print(f"\nReading file: filename>") path = Path(filename) try: contents = path.read_text() except FileNotFoundError: print(" Sorry, I can't find that file.") else: print(contents) 

 Reading file: cats.txt henry clarence mildred Reading file: dogs.txt willie annahootz summit 

 Reading file: cats.txt Sorry, I can't find that file. Reading file: dogs.txt willie annahootz summit 

10-9: Silent Cats and Dogs

Modify your except block in Exercise 10-8 to fail silently if either file is missing.

 from pathlib import Path filenames = ['cats.txt', 'dogs.txt'] for filename in filenames: path = Path(filename) try: contents = path.read_text() except FileNotFoundError: pass else: print(f"\nReading file: filename>") print(contents) 

 Reading file: cats.txt henry clarence mildred Reading file: dogs.txt willie annahootz summit 

 Reading file: dogs.txt willie annahootz summit 

10-10: Common Words

Visit Project Gutenberg and find a few texts you'd like to analyze. Download the text files for these works, or copy the raw text from your browser into a text file on your computer.

You can use the count() method to find out how many times a word or phrase appears in a string. For example, the following code counts the number of times 'row' appers in a string:

 >>> line = "Row, row, row your boat" >>> line.count('row') 2 >>> line.lower().count('row') 3 

Notice that converting the string to lowercase using lower() catches all appearances of the word you're looking for, regardless of how it's formatted.

Write a program that reads the files you found at Project Gutenberg and determines how many times the word 'the' appears in each text. This will be an approximation because it will also count words such as 'then' and 'there'. Try counting 'the ', with a space in the string, and see how much lower your count is.

 from pathlib import Path def count_common_words(filename, word): """Count how many times word appears in the text.""" # Note: This is a really simple approximation, and the number returned # will be higher than the actual count. path = Path(filename) try: contents = path.read_text() except FileNotFoundError: pass else: word_count = contents.lower().count(word) msg = f"'word>' appears in filename> about word_count> times." print(msg) filename = 'alice.txt' count_common_words(filename, 'the') 

 'the' appears in alice.txt about 2528 times. 

This solution only examines one text, but the function can be applied to any number of texts.

10-11: Favorite Number

Write a program that prompts for the user's favorite number. Use json.dumps() to store this number in a file. Write a separate program that reads in this value and prints the message, "I know your favorite number! It's _____."

 from pathlib import Path import json number = input("What's your favorite number? ") path = Path('favorite_number.json') contents = json.dumps(number) path.write_text(contents) print("Thanks! I'll remember that number.") 

 What's your favorite number? 42 Thanks! I'll remember that number. 

 from pathlib import Path import json path = Path('favorite_number.json') contents = path.read_text() number = json.loads(contents) print(f"I know your favorite number! It's number>.") 

 I know your favorite number! It's 42. 

10-12: Favorite Number Remembered

Combine the two programs from Exercise 10-11 into one file. If the number is already stored, report the favorite number to the user. If not, prompt for the user's favorite number and store it in a file. Run the program twice to see that it works.

 from pathlib import Path import json path = Path('favorite_number.json') try: contents = path.read_text() except FileNotFoundError: number = input("What's your favorite number? ") contents = json.dumps(number) path.write_text(contents) print("Thanks, I'll remember that.") else: number = json.loads(contents) print(f"I know your favorite number! It's number>.") 

 What's your favorite number? 42 Thanks, I'll remember that. 

 I know your favorite number! It's 42. 

10-13: User Dictionary

The remember_me.py example only stores one piece of information, the username. Expand this example by asking for two more pieces of information about the user, then store all the information you collect in a dictionary. Write this dictionary to a file using json.dumps() , and read it back in using json.loads() . Print a summary showing exactly what your program remembers about the user.

 from pathlib import Path import json def get_stored_user_info(path): """Get stored user info if available.""" if path.exists(): contents = path.read_text() user_dict = json.loads(contents) return user_dict else: return None def get_new_user_info(path): """Get information from a new user.""" username = input("What is your name? ") game = input("What's your favorite game? ") animal = input("What's your favorite animal? ") user_dict =  'username': username, 'game': game, 'animal': animal, > contents = json.dumps(user_dict) path.write_text(contents) return user_dict def greet_user(): """Greet the user by name, and state what we know about them.""" path = Path('user_info.json') user_dict = get_stored_user_info(path) if user_dict: print(f"Welcome back, user_dict['username']>!") print(f"Hope you've been playing some user_dict['game']>. ") print(f"Have you seen a user_dict['animal']> recently?") else: user_dict = get_new_user_info(path) msg = f"We'll remember you when you return, user_dict['username']>!" print(msg) greet_user() 

 What is your name? eric What's your favorite game? chess What's your favorite animal? mountain goat We'll remember you when you return, eric! 

 Welcome back, eric! Hope you've been playing some chess. Have you seen a mountain goat recently? 

10-14: Verify User

The final listing for remember_me.py assumes either that the user has already entered their username or that the program is running for the first time. We should modify it in case the current user is not the person who last used the program.

Before printing a welcome back message in greet_user() , ask the user if this is the correct username. If it's not, call get_new_username() to get the correct username.

 from pathlib import Path import json def get_stored_username(path): """Get stored username if available.""" if path.exists(): contents = path.read_text() username = json.loads(contents) return username else: return None def get_new_username(path): """Prompt for a new username.""" username = input("What is your name? ") contents = json.dumps(username) path.write_text(contents) return username def greet_user(): """Greet the user by name.""" path = Path('username.json') username = get_stored_username(path) if username: correct = input(f"Are you username>? (y/n) ") if correct == 'y': print(f"Welcome back, username>!") else: username = get_new_username(path) print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, username>!") else: username = get_new_username(path) print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, username>!") greet_user() 

 > python verify_user.py What is your name? eric We'll remember you when you come back, eric! > python verify_user.py Are you eric? (y/n) y Welcome back, eric! > python verify_user.py Are you eric? (y/n) n What is your name? ever We'll remember you when you come back, ever! > python verify_user.py Are you ever? (y/n) y Welcome back, ever! 

You might notice the identical else blocks in this version of greet_user() . One way to clean this function up is to use an empty return statement. An empty return statement tells Python to leave the function without running any more code in the function.

Here's a cleaner version of greet_user() :

 def greet_user(): """Greet the user by name.""" path = Path('username.json') username = get_stored_username(path) if username: correct = input(f"Are you username>? (y/n) ") if correct == 'y': print(f"Welcome back, username>!") return # We got a username, but it's not correct. # Prompt for a new username. username = get_new_username(path) print(f"We'll remember you when you come back, username>!") 

The return statement means the code in the function stops running after printing the welcome back message. When the username doesn't exist, or the username is incorrect, the return statement is never reached. The second part of the function will only run when the if statements fail, so we don't need an else block. Now the function prompts for a new username when either if statement fails.

The only thing left to address is the nested if statements. This can be cleaned up by moving the code that checks whether the username is correct to a separate function. If you're enjoying this exercise, you might try making a new function called check_username() and see if you can remove the nested if statement from greet_user() .